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Benally v. Hodel

Citations: 940 F.2d 1194; 1991 WL 138868Docket: No. 88-15244

Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; September 13, 1990; Federal Appellate Court

Narrative Opinion Summary

This case involves members of the Navajo Tribe appealing the dismissal of their complaint by the district court for lack of standing. The appellants argued that the Secretary of the Interior, other officials, and the Navajo-Hopi Relocation Commission failed to comply with the Navajo and Hopi Indian Settlement Act and the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act in relocating Navajos from Hopi land. They sought declaratory and injunctive relief to halt relocations and associated funding until compliance with legal requirements was achieved. The district court ruled that only tribal chairmen have standing to bring such actions, a decision affirmed on appeal. The appellate court conducted a de novo review and agreed that the Settlement Act does not confer procedural rights to individuals for challenging actions by the Relocation Commission. Instead, it grants tribal chairmen the authority to represent collective interests in intertribal disputes. Individual challenges regarding benefits eligibility may be litigated in specific instances, but broad challenges to the relocation process must be pursued by tribal leaders. The court upheld the district court's dismissal, emphasizing efficient resolution of intertribal disputes, and concluded that appellants lacked standing for their claims.

Legal Issues Addressed

Appeals under the Settlement Act

Application: Individuals may appeal benefits eligibility determinations by the Relocation Commission in the U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona, but cannot contest the overall procedural framework of the Settlement Act.

Reasoning: 25 U.S.C. 640d-14(g) permits individuals to appeal benefits eligibility determinations, but it does not grant the right to contest the overall procedural framework of the Settlement Act, particularly in cases where allegations pertain to all relocatees.

Fifth Amendment Claims in Relocation Context

Application: Allegations of due process and equal protection violations concerning relocation benefits were asserted, but the court found that broad challenges should be pursued by tribal leaders rather than individuals.

Reasoning: The United States is accused of violating several legal provisions concerning relocation benefits for Native Americans. The claims include a breach of the due process clause... and these fifth amendment violations are claimed to breach the government's fiduciary duties towards Native Americans.

Notice of Appeal Requirements

Application: The notice of appeal stating 'June R. Benally, et al. Plaintiffs,' sufficed to indicate all plaintiffs intended to appeal, thus maintaining the court's jurisdiction over the appeal.

Reasoning: The court dismisses the appellee's argument that Benally is the sole appellant, emphasizing that the notice of appeal states 'June R. Benally, et al. Plaintiffs,' indicating multiple plaintiffs.

Role of Tribal Chairmen in Legal Actions

Application: The Settlement Act implicitly grants procedural rights to the chairmen of the Navajo and Hopi tribes to initiate claims related to intertribal disputes, representing collective interests in litigation.

Reasoning: The court agrees with the district court that the Settlement Act implicitly grants procedural rights to the chairmen of the Navajo and Hopi tribes to initiate claims related to intertribal disputes.

Standing under the Administrative Procedure Act

Application: The appellants, being individual members of the Navajo Tribe, lacked standing to challenge the actions of the Relocation Commission as the Settlement Act does not confer procedural rights to individuals for such challenges.

Reasoning: Ultimately, it concludes that the Settlement Act does not confer procedural rights to individual Hopi and Navajo Indians, as there is no indication in the statute or its history that allows individuals to challenge the actions taken by the Relocation Commission in this manner.