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Hardway v. Cent. Intelligence Agency

Citation: 384 F. Supp. 3d 67Docket: Civil Action No. 17-1433 (TJK)

Court: Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit; April 28, 2019; Federal Appellate Court

Narrative Opinion Summary

This case involves plaintiffs who sought records from the CIA under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) related to alleged CIA interference in their congressional work on historical assassinations. After an unsatisfactory response to their FOIA request, the plaintiffs filed a lawsuit challenging the adequacy of the CIA's searches and the redaction of employee names. The court granted summary judgment to the CIA on the adequacy of the search for one category of records and the lawfulness of the redactions under FOIA's Exemption 3. However, it denied summary judgment on other categories due to insufficient detail regarding the search methodologies. The plaintiffs' claims of CIA misconduct were insufficient to rebut the presumption of good faith in the agency's affidavits, as only relevant misconduct in the current case could do so. The court also highlighted that the CIA is not required to follow specific search directives or prove the destruction of records but must provide a reasonable search effort. Both parties' motions for summary judgment were denied without prejudice in some areas, with the opportunity to renew pending further declarations. The decision underscores the necessity for detailed agency affidavits in FOIA litigation and the limited scope of judicial review regarding agency search adequacy.

Legal Issues Addressed

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Exemption 3

Application: The CIA lawfully withheld employee names from disclosed documents under Exemption 3, which allows withholding information exempted by statute, such as the Central Intelligence Agency Act.

Reasoning: The CIA invoked this exemption to redact names and signatures of its employees from non-disclosure agreements released to the plaintiffs, citing the Central Intelligence Agency Act, which prohibits disclosure of employee identities.

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Search Adequacy

Application: The court determined that the CIA's search for one category of records was adequate but could not assess the adequacy for the remaining categories, leading to a denial of both parties' motions for those.

Reasoning: The Court reviewed cross-motions for summary judgment. It determined that the CIA adequately searched for one category of records and lawfully withheld employee names, granting summary judgment for the CIA on these points.

Presumption of Good Faith in Agency Declarations

Application: The court upheld the presumption of good faith in the CIA's affidavits despite the plaintiffs' allegations of past misconduct, as only relevant misconduct in the current case could rebut this presumption.

Reasoning: Plaintiffs contend that the CIA's declarations lack a presumption of good faith due to alleged past misrepresentations; however, the Court states that only misconduct relevant to the current case can challenge this presumption.

Requirement for Detailed Agency Affidavits

Application: The court required the CIA to provide more detailed affidavits regarding the search methodologies used for certain record systems, denying summary judgment due to insufficient detail.

Reasoning: Shiner's account of the CIA's search for Directorate of Operations records lacks sufficient detail for the Court to assess the appropriateness of summary judgment.

Scope of Agency's Search Obligation under FOIA

Application: The court clarified that agencies are not required to search in locations where they do not expect to find relevant records, focusing on the reasonableness of the search design.

Reasoning: The adequacy of the CIA's search is not determined by the specifics of the request but by whether the search was reasonably designed to uncover all pertinent documents.