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Federal Trade Commission v. Publishing Clearing House, Inc.

Citations: 104 F.3d 1168; 97 Cal. Daily Op. Serv. 361; 97 Daily Journal DAR 591; 1997 U.S. App. LEXIS 577Docket: No. 95-16018

Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit; January 14, 1997; Federal Appellate Court

Narrative Opinion Summary

The case involves an appeal by a former president of Publishing Clearing House (PCH) against a summary judgment granted in favor of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) under the Federal Trade Commission Act. PCH, led by Robbin MeLaurin, engaged in a telemarketing scheme that misled consumers into making substantial donations under false pretenses. Lorin Martin, who served briefly as PCH's president, contested her personal liability, arguing a lack of knowledge concerning the misrepresentations. However, the court found that Martin's role and actions, such as signing significant corporate documents, indicated her control and involvement, thereby justifying individual liability. The appellate court conducted a de novo review and determined that Martin failed to provide sufficient evidence to establish a genuine issue of material fact. Her claims of ignorance and lack of participation were unsupported by evidence, particularly given her awareness of the company's fraudulent nature and her previous association with a similarly implicated organization. Consequently, the court affirmed the summary judgment, holding Martin jointly liable with PCH for the deceptive practices, thus upholding the injunctive relief granted to the FTC.

Legal Issues Addressed

Federal Trade Commission Act and Summary Judgment

Application: The court affirms the summary judgment as the FTC established a prima facie case of deceptive practices, and the defendants failed to present substantial evidence of a genuine issue of material fact.

Reasoning: Once the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) establishes a prima facie case for summary judgment, the defendant is required to present substantial evidence indicating a genuine issue of material fact, rather than relying on general denials.

Individual Liability under the Federal Trade Commission Act

Application: Martin, as president of PCH, can be held individually liable for the company's deceptive practices, given her authority and participation in corporate actions.

Reasoning: As president of PCH, Martin can be held individually liable for injunctive relief under the Federal Trade Commission Act if the FTC demonstrates that the corporation engaged in misleading practices that resulted in consumer harm and that Martin either participated in or had the authority to control these actions.

Knowledge Requirement for Personal Liability

Application: The FTC must demonstrate that the defendant had actual knowledge, was recklessly indifferent, or was aware of a high probability of fraud while intentionally avoiding the truth.

Reasoning: To fulfill the knowledge requirement, the FTC must show that Martin had actual knowledge of material misrepresentations, was recklessly indifferent to their truth, or was aware of a high probability of fraud while intentionally avoiding the truth.